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Buildings can cost less to construct and be more comfortable. This report tells how reduced cooling loads and whole-system integration of properly sized cooling and air handling equipment can save money and energy, increase occupant comfort, enhance productivity, and free up valuable space. Topics include end use and market data, efficiency standards, indoor air quality, the effects of the CFC phase-out, as well as in-depth technological assessments of load reduction, air handling systems and components, evaporative and radiative cooling and other alternative cooling techniques, unitary and central cooling systems, gas cooling, and thermal storage systems. The appendices contain lists of manufacturers and trade, professional, governmental, and public interest organizations in the space cooling and air handling field, as well as an index.
- 1 The big picture
- 1.1 Restoring a lost art
1.2 A whole-system approach to efficient space conditioning
1.3 Efficiency targets to shoot for
1.4 Economics
1.5 Strategies for service providers
- 2 Market data and efficiency standards
- 2.1 End use and market data
2.2 U.S. regulatory influences
- 3 Reducing cooling loads
- 3.1 Reduction potential
3.2 Determining loads
3.3 System interactions
3.4 Glazing
3.5 Window shading
3.6 Reducing heat conduction through the building shell
3.7 Vegetation and urban heat islands
- 4 Air-handling systems
- 4.1 Air-handling basics
4.2 Flow requirements
4.3 System options
4.4 Conventional systems
4.5 Duct system design and optimization
4.6 Displacement ventilation systems
4.7 Cleanroom applications
- 5 Air-handling components
- 5.1 Diffusers
5.2 Ducts
5.3 Dampers
5.4 Fan-powered VAV terminal units (mixing boxes)
5.5 Induction boxes
5.6 Filters
5.7 Silencers
5.8 Fans
- 6 Non-refrigerative cooling
- 6.1 Ground coupling and deep water cooling
6.2 Night sky radiation cooling
6.3 Cooling with outdoor air
6.4 Evaporative cooling
6.5 Desiccant dehumidification and cooling
6.6 Heat pipe cooling cycle enhancements
6.7 Hydronic cooling
- 7 Unitary equipment
- 7.1 Efficiency rating systems
7.2 U.S. efficiency standards
7.3 Small unitary equipment efficiency history and projections
7.4 High-Efficiency Commercial Air-Conditioning Initiative
7.5 Shopping for efficiency
7.6 Market survey
7.7 Cost-effectiveness of high-efficiency unitary equipment
7.8 High efficiency in production
7.9 Pushing the limit-with off-the-shelf technology
7.10 Beyond SEER, EER, and IPLV
7.11 Gas cooling alternatives
7.12 Unitary thermal storage on the horizon
7.13 Ductless split systems
7.14 Utility programs
7.15 Unitary equipment manufacturers
- 8 Chilled water systems
- 8.1 Chilled water system opportunities
8.2 Chilled water components
- 9 Electric chillers
- 9.1 Introduction
9.2 Market structure
9.3 The basic vapor-compression refrigeration cycle
9.4 Efficiency
9.5 Economics
9.6 Implications for utilities and ESCOs
9.7 CFCs and alternative refrigerants
9.8 Maintaining a CFC chiller
9.9 Converting a CFC chiller
9.10 Purchasing a new chiller
9.11 Types of chillers and their features
9.12 Heat exchangers
9.13 Refrigerant metering devices
9.14 Subcoolers and liquid pressure amplifiers
- 10 Gas cooling
- 10.1 History of the gas cooling market
10.2 Impetus for an expanding gas cooling market
10.3 Economics
10.4 Gas cooling technology
- 11 Cool thermal storage
- 11.1 Market status and trends
11.2 Cool storage applications
11.3 Energy efficiency and economics
11.4 Design considerations
11.5 Comparison of cool storage technologies
11.6 Utility programs
- Appendices
- A Key resources
B Trade, professional, public interest, and governmental organizations
C Ground-source heat pump manufacturers
D Evaporative cooling equipment manufacturers
E Desiccant cooling equipment manufacturers
F Radiant panel manufacturers
G Unitary equipment manufacturers
H Heat pipe heat exchanger manufacturers
I Ozone manufacturers involved with treatment of cooling tower water
J Electric chiller manufacturers
K Absorption chiller manufacturers
L Engine-driven cooling equipment manufacturers
M Thermal storage equipment manufacturers
- Index
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TA-SC-97; December 1997; 438 pages
For more information on the E Source Technology Atlases, call 303-444-7788 or e-mail us at esource@esource.com.
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